Happy to help.
Adjacency bonuses have no impact on the Raw Research number, that comes from your population, approval, and some techs.
To see what adjacency does, click on one of your buildings. You will notice a level number near the bottom of the tooltip, and then you will see a secondary bonus. Those levels are gained from adjacency, and is noted there.
Lets look at your research lab as an example. A research lab grants a +25% bonus to research, with an additional +5% for each level it gains.
So 2 labs next to each would each be level 1, and would provide 30% research each, or 60% total.
3 labs in a triangle would each be level 2, and would provide 35% research each, or 105% total.
These percentage multiply off your raw research, so while your science planet may have a similar raw number to a regular planet, it will churn out much more research.