Negative, say industrial break-thrus or cultural tech break-thrus by a race which isn't concerned about PQ... as I've decided to apply to the "Borg," in my particular instance. Some tech research paths could be set to give a benefit in some areas, but at the expense of other characteristics.
I don't know if you ever played Master Of Orion II, but if you did, you may remember the concept where this was possible with the pre-game "picks" for race/culture design; where a race characteristic would be increased but another reduced; like a -10 in "Soldering" in order to gain a +1 pick, resulting in a total of 11 picks (rather than the initial +10) to apply when choosing positive picks. Yep, that concept would be good for GC/AP pre-game picks as well; but in the technology tree? The concept could be applied as raw gains at expense of other things due to a given cultural temperment (good, evil, etc). Not only that, it would be useful in certain technology tree advances according to which branch a player may follow for a given evolutionary developement of a race's characteristics; say Borg, Telapathic, Metaphysical, Human, and even on the basis of having either a good and evil alignment: where an evil race my ignor "Moral" or sacrifice it to the negative for a early gain in another technology category or specific in a category (branch).
In summary, if negative effects were possible along with the postive; and either were possible at values other than simply 10%, then a designer of a technology branch could certainly add much more flare to game play and related considerations... which, in turn, add greater strategic or tactical elements to playing a specific race/culture as the same advances in technology over time.
[Message Edited]